پژوهشنامه مکتب های ادبی
پیاپی 13 (بهار 1400)

Postmodernism is a combination of different theories and the product of many ideas, so there is disagreement about its features and components . Components such as: collage, minimalism, fluid flow of the mind, uncertainty, open ending are examples of very modern indicators in fictional texts. Features that can be seen in many stories today. Of course, some components of postmodernism have in common with modernism, so a group of experts describe these two currents along. In the works of authors, there is usually a tendency for both approaches together. The question is which components of the flow in the story are great. This is the case with Belqis Soleimani. In this study, we wanted to find and examine the components of postmodernism, to answer the main question whether Soleimani is a modern pat writer? And if so, what components and with what quality and method has been used in his works? . “ The result of the research indicates that the ending of the game of minimalism, collage and fluid flow of the mind is one of the most significant postmodern components in the stories of Belqis Soleimani, which is accompanied by uncertainty. Bourgeoisie, repetition, humor, transcendence and transcendence have brought the beginning and the end in the province with the addiction to urban life and the inevitable use of technology in the works of Belqis Soleimani to the postmodern current.

Socialist realism is a sub-branch of the school of realism in which it emphasizes the reality of society with a view to oppression and rises in direct opposition to power-oriented thinking and the accumulation of power and wealth among a particular class.In fact, Ahmad Mahmoud, one of the Iranian writers of that time, by accepting this idea and reflecting it in the novel Neighbors, seeks to show the subordinate society and its opposition to the society of power and wealth, and tried to introduce the components of social realism. It has more and more ugliness and filth of the capitalist system.This descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer the question: What are the components of socialist realism in the novel Neighbors?And how did the author in the novel Neighbors present the society of his time under the idea of ​​socialist realism? In this research, the components of socialist realism in the neighbors' novel are analyzed and explained in order to reveal and explain the society portrayed by the author according to the reflection of the ideas of socialist realism in it. The findings of the study indicate the existence of prominent components of socialist realism in the novel Neighbors. With the help of these components, the author has tried to make Iranian society realistic, under the influence of oppression and the accumulation of power and wealth. The ruling system shows the acute economic conditions and the emergence of poverty and suffering in the working class and the creation of class conflict

Storytelling in a new way is one of the most important and major parts of contemporary Persian literature, which has been able to present a good image of Iranian society. One of the most important personalities in this type of literature is the personality of women. Dealing with the female character in contemporary fiction - from the constitutional period onwards - has been the focus of most writers and has been addressed from different angles. The school of realism, more than any other school, has succeeded in representing the character of women and their role and position in the field of fiction. The study of the position of women in the works of prominent writers such as Golshiri, Abbas Maroufi, etc. Considering their important literary and influential position in the world of fiction, it is very important that it can be mentioned as an important component for the study of fiction. Due to this importance, the present study intends to deal with the issue of reflection and representation of female characters in contemporary Iranian fiction beyond the three realistic works of Prince Ehtejab, Wolf and Symphony of the Dead in a descriptive-analytical manner, considering the position of women in society. Findings show that these works are realistic works to show the situation of women in the Qajar and Pahlavi eras and these authors have similar insights about women.

Surrealism is a school that emerged from the Dadaism and stood up against the laws and rules that had been based on reason for years and gave way to the world of fantasy and illusion and left the writers of this school free to write without any concern for moral or social issues. In this way, everything that was not valued before came to the fore; Issues such as dreams, illusions, and fantasies that were a protest against a world ruled entirely by reason and knowledge, but drawn into world war. In Iran, too, writers have written some novels based on this school. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present study aims to examine the novel "I, number three" written by Atieh Attarzadeh based on this school to find out whether this novel is surreal or not? And if so, what elements and features have led us to call it surreal and what has been the author's method in narrating it? The results show that the novel "I, number three" can be considered a surrealist novel by using elements such as dream, automatic writing, humor, wonder, madness, woman and love and surreal images that use the monologue method in its narration.

The abstract concept of hedonics (sense of happiness and joy) in the modern world today in the context of humanism (An overall humanistic look) and romanticism (A slightly individualistic look) has always been one of the problems of the human mind. Due to the extremism in societies and the expansionist plans of governments in human life It has evolved in a very tangible way and has made man on it In order to achieve true happiness, she turns to "backwardness" and "minority". This is important in the leftist and socialist literature of Iran and Iraq, especially the poetry of two contemporary Persian and Arabic poets: the Akhavan Sales and Al-Bayati. The Akhavan Sales and Al-Bayati, whose expectations of life were low due to their socialist tendencies, have become more crystallized. In this paper, we tried to use a descriptive-analytical method based on Brinkman's view Let us explore the concept of hedonics in the poems of these two leftist poets And express their attitude to this abstract concept.Given that both poets were involved in political commonalities Which is influenced by the climate of their time , Although there are similarities between the humanist view, But their romantic experiences differ from the hedonistic concept Reminders of youthful nostalgia should prevail in the poems of the Akhavan Sales, and childhood nostalgia should prevail in the poems of Al-Bayati.

Imagism, or pictorialism, saw the basis of poetry as the discovery of new and abstract relationships between objects and the creation of vague images. The followers of this school believe that the image is important in itself, without being a preacher of ideas. In Iran, some poets, including Ahmad Reza Ahmadi, have been influenced by this school. Ahmad Reza Ahmadi in the collection of "Last Books" by creating an imaginative, mysterious, scary, magical and imaginative atmosphere, engages his audience in extraordinary and wonderful experiences, in addition to pleasure and joy, to a new definition of Reach the universe. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate his skills in illustrating recent books without using traditional imaginary forms. The findings show common features such as the tendency to deconstruct, the creation of completely imaginary and surreal realities, the blurring of the boundary between fantasy and reality, and the living and the inanimate due to the widespread use of imagination and discernment. One of the visual effects to visualize the imaging techniques is the collection of the latest notebooks.